@AB@<:#3168,9360>AB: 113 male and 135 female adolescents (mean age 16.4 yrs) with various musical preferences were compared. Adolescents who preferred hard
<+">rock<-"> or heavy metal <+">music<-"> reported higher rates of reckless behavior, including driving while intoxicated, driving over 80 miles per hr, sex without contraception, sex with someone known only casually, drug use, shoplifting, and vandalism. P
references for hard <+">rock<-"> or heavy metal <+">music<-"> were also associated with higher levels of sensation seeking, negative family relationships, and, among girls, low self-esteem. It was concluded that adolescents who are high in sensation seeking
are attracted to hard <+">rock<-"> and heavy metal <+">music<-"> as well as to reckless behavior perhaps because of the high intensity of sensation provided by these experiences. (</i> 1993 APA)
<:#576,9360>TI: A comparison of the effects of hard <+">rock<-"> and easy listening on the frequency of observed inappropriate behaviors: Control of environmental antecedents in a large public area.
@AB@<:#2304,9360>AB: Compared the inappropriate behavior of clients in an open courtyard at a state mental hospital when hard
<+">rock<-"> and rap <+">music<-"> were played (21 days), followed by easy listening and country and western
<+">music<-"> (21 days). This comparison was followed by a reversal phase in which hard
<+">rock<-"> and rap <+">music<-"> were again played (18 days). Four of 6 trained raters were randomly assigned to observation zones that were monitored 7 times daily. More inappropriate behavior was observed when hard
<+">rock<-"> and rap <+">music<-"> were played than when easy listening and country western
<+">music<-"> were played. (</i> 1992 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: hard <+">rock<-"> or rap vs easy listening or country & western
<+">music<-">; inappropriate behavior; clients in open courtyard of state mental hospital
@AB@<:#2592,9360>AB: Examined whether exposure to noise stress would alter the biological function of neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes, leukocytes that are involved in wound healing. Male rats were exposed to 60-80 db of "<+">rock<-">"
<+">music<-"> for 24 hrs during which time control animals were maintained in their usual environment. Leukocyte subpopulations were obtained and stimulated in vitro. Neutrophils and macrophages from noise-exposed Ss secreted significantly less superoxide a
nion and interleukin-1 than cells from controls. Lymphocyte function was not altered following noise stress. Thus, short-term exposure of rats to noise stress alters some biological functions of leukocytes. (</i> 1992 APA)
@AB@<:#3168,9360>AB: Investigated whether advisory labels on musical products would enhance their attractiveness to adolescents (the "forbidden fruit" hypothesis) or make
<+">music<-"> less attractive (the "tainted fruit" hypothesis). 145 Ss (aged 11-15 yrs) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 conditions: (1) a label condition, in which album covers bore warning labels and (2) a control condition in which the same
<+">music<-"> was heard without labels. Two recordings were targeted: a hard
<+">rock<-"> and a pop album, both of which were unfamiliar to all Ss. Analysis showed main effects for labeling and musical type, thus supporting the "tainted fruit" hypothesis. Pop was preferred to hard
<+">rock<-">. Labeled <+">music<-"> was liked less. The limited impact of labeling may be due to the limited weight adolescents give to lyrics in forming their
<+">music<-"> preferences (P. Christenson and D. F. Roberts, 1990). (</i> 1992 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: parental advisory labels; preferences for hard <+">rock<-"> vs pop
<+">music<-">; 11-15 yr olds; test of forbidden & tainted fruit hypotheses
<:#288,9360>TI: Heavy metal kids: Are they dancing with the devil?
<:#288,9360>AU: Trzcinski,-Jon
<:#288,9360>IN: Oklahoma Dept of Human Services, US
<:#288,9360>JN: Child-and-Youth-Care-Forum; 1992 Feb Vol 21(1) 7-22
<:#288,9360>IS: 10531890
<:#288,9360>LA: English
<:#288,9360>PY: 1992
@AB@<:#2592,9360>AB: Discusses the rise in popularity of heavy metal <+">music<-"> with young people, and the associated increased concern among adults about its influence. It is alleged that heavy metal promotes violence, suicide, satanism, and the occult. An examination o
f adult reaction to <+">rock<-"> and roll in the 1950s and 1960s and the diverse messages of heavy metal put such concerns in a different perspective. It is proposed that parents, teachers, and other caregivers achieve an awareness of what young people are
hearing, assist them in critical listening, and open channels of communication about the place and meaning of
<+">music<-">, including mutual discussion of values, ethics, and morality. (</i> 1992 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: concern about & reactions to influence & popularity of heavy metal
<:#288,9360>TI: Heavy metal <+">music<-"> and reckless behavior among adolescents.
<:#288,9360>AU: Arnett,-Jeffrey
<:#288,9360>IN: U Chicago, IL, US
<:#288,9360>JN: Journal-of-Youth-and-Adolescence; 1991 Dec Vol 20(6) 573-592
<:#288,9360>IS: 00472891
<:#288,9360>LA: English
<:#288,9360>PY: 1991
@AB@<:#2880,9360>AB: 54 male and 30 female high school adolescents who liked heavy metal
<+">music<-"> (HMM) were compared with 56 male and 105 female high school adolescents who did not on a variety of outcome variables and particularly on reckless behavior. Boys who liked HMM reported a higher rate of a wide range of reckless behavior includi
ng driving behavior, sexual behavior, and drug use. They were also less satisfied with their family relationships. Girls who liked HMM were more reckless in the areas of shoplifting, vandalism, sexual behavior, and drug use, and reported lower self-esteem.
Both boys and girls who liked HMM were higher in sensation seeking and more self-assured with regard to sexuality and dating. (</i> 1992 APA)
<:#288,9360>KP: reckless behavior & personality traits; adolescents who do vs do not like heavy metal
<:#288,9360>JN: Journal-of-Broadcasting-and-Electronic-Media; 1991 Sum Vol 35(3) 335-350
<:#288,9360>IS: 08838151
<:#288,9360>LA: English
<:#288,9360>PY: 1991
@AB@<:#2880,9360>AB: 30 male and 66 female undergraduates responded to a questionnaire in a study that examined the relationship of popular
<+">music<-"> preferences to individual differences in social judgments and to personality characteristics. Heavy metal
<+">music<-"> fans (HMFs) were higher in Machiavellianism and machismo and lower in need for cognition than nonfans. HMFs also made higher estimates than did non-HMFs of consensus among young people for sexual, drug-related, occult, and antisocial behaviors
and attitudes. Punk <+">rock<-"> fans (PRFs) were less accepting of authority than those who disliked this
<+">music<-">. PRFs also estimated higher frequencies than did non-PRFs of anti-authority behaviors such as owning weapons, committing a crime, shoplifting, and going to jail. (</i> 1992 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: individual differences in personality traits & social judgments & antisocial behaviors; college student heavy metal vs punk
<:#288,9360>JN: Journal-of-Broadcasting-and-Electronic-Media; 1991 Sum Vol 35(3) 319-334
<:#288,9360>IS: 08838151
<:#288,9360>LA: English
<:#288,9360>PY: 1991
@AB@<:#3168,9360>AB: Examined the relationships among viewers' family communication patterns (FCPs), sex and pregnancy experience,
<+">music<-"> video viewing motivations, and viewers' cognitive processing of a
<+">music<-"> video about teenage pregnancy. Ss were 108 female and 78 male high school students (aged 13-18 yrs) who watched a
<+">music<-"> video and filled out questionnaires on 2 occasions. Path analysis demonstrated different paths for girls and boys. For girls, FCPs and sexual/pregnancy experience were directly related to the cognitive activity with which they processed the vi
deo; for boys, FCPs had a direct path to activity, but also had a path through observational goals (i.e., gratifications from watching the video). Results suggest that FCPs may operate as enduring general cognitive structures that predict viewer activity. (
</i> 1992 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: family communication patterns & sex & pregnancy experiences & viewing motivations; cognitive processing of
<+">music<-"> video about teenage pregnancy; 13-18 yr olds
<:#288,9360>IN: U Rochester, Eastman School of <+">Music<-">, NY, US
<:#288,9360>JN: Journal-of-Broadcasting-and-Electronic-Media; 1991 Sum Vol 35(3) 351-366
<:#288,9360>IS: 08838151
<:#288,9360>LA: English
<:#288,9360>PY: 1991
@AB@<:#2880,9360>AB: Assessed trait rebelliousness and enjoyment of 3 defiant and 3 nondefiant
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> videos in 51 male and 31 female high school students (aged 16-19 yrs). Data were analyzed in a 2 * 2 * 2 design. Rebellious (RB) males outnumbered RB females by a factor of 3. Highly RB Ss did not enjoy defiant
<+">rock<-"> videos more than did their less RB peers, nor did they consume more defiant
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> than did their peers. Highly RB Ss enjoyed
<+">rock<-"> videos devoid of defiance significantly less than did their peers, and they consumed significantly less nondefiant
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> than did their peers. RB youths may be partial to defiance as a salient theme in
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-">, mostly by avoiding <+">rock<-"> that is devoid of this theme. (</i> 1992 APA)
<:#288,9360>KP: trait rebelliousness; enjoyment & consumption of defiant <+">rock music<-"><+"><-">; 16-19 yr olds
<:#288,9360>TI: Recognition and ratings of television <+">music<-"> videos: Age, gender, and sociocultural effects.
<:#288,9360>AU: Greeson,-Larry-E.
<:#288,9360>IN: Miami U, Middletown, OH, US
<:#288,9360>JN: Journal-of-Applied-Social-Psychology; 1991 Dec Vol 21(23) 1908-1920
<:#288,9360>IS: 00219029
<:#288,9360>LA: English
<:#288,9360>PY: 1991
@AB@<:#2880,9360>AB: In Exp 1, 20 high school students (aged 14-16 yrs), 20 undergraduates, and 25 adults rated randomly presented
<+">music<-"> videos selected to portray explicit, neutral, or religious themes. Exp 2 analyzed how 53 high school students (aged 16-18 yrs) recognized and rated
<+">music<-"> videos as a function of several variables. All Ss recognized themes accurately. Younger Ss and males rated the videos, especially the explicit ones, more favorably than older or female Ss. Working class Ss, Ss who watched
<+">music<-"> videos regularly, and those who seldom or never attended church rated the videos more favorably than Ss from a college town, Ss who seldom or never watched
<+">music<-"> videos, and regular church attenders. (</i> 1992 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: age & sex & sociocultural background; recognition & ratings of sexually explicit vs neutral vs religious TV
@AB@<:#2592,9360>AB: Investigated the differential effects of classical, country/bluegrass, jazz and blues, easy listening, and
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> on social behavior in mice. 60 mice were housed in groups of 10 and subjected to 1 type of
<+">music<-"> or no <+">music<-"> over 2 wks. Evening observations of Ss found that (1) classical
<+">music<-"> produced more interaction, including aggression; (2) country/bluegrass increased social interaction and aggression; (3) jazz and blues decreased aggression and competition; (4) easy listening increased huddling; and (5)
<+">rock<-"> tended to increase aggression but decrease sexual activity. Ss listening to no
<+">music<-"> displayed a significant decrease in competition. (</i> 1992 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: classical vs country/bluegrass vs jazz & blues vs easy listening vs
<:#288,9360>JN: Crime-and-Delinquency; 1991 Oct Vol 37(4) 528-535
<:#288,9360>IS: 00111287
<:#288,9360>LA: English
<:#288,9360>PY: 1991
@AB@<:#3168,9360>AB: Studies the juvenile justice system in California within a labeling theory context and outlines approaches currently taken in response to teenagers who are part of the punk and heavy metal subculture. 12 hospitals that have adolescent care programs resp
onded to a hypothetical situation in which the parents' main problem with their child was
<+">music<-"> the child listened to, clothes the child wore, and posters on the child's bedroom wall. 83% of the facilities indicated that the youth needed hospitalization. Labeling theory suggests that the process of labeling minors as juvenile delinquents
or mentally ill because of their dress and tastes in <+">music<-"> may have the effect of pushing them into a deviant role. Without the negative label, the offending adolescent might simply grow up. (</i> 1992 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: California juvenile justice system responses involving police & court processes & psychiatric hospitalization; adolescents in punk & heavy metal popular
@AB@<:#2592,9360>AB: Determined <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> preferences and views of themes advocating homicide, suicide, and satanic practices (HSSR) in 120 13-18 yr old offenders (77.5% male) in 2 youth detention centers. Ss were administered a questionnaire of Likert-type
, categorical, and open-ended questions. 91 students were fans of
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-">. Of those, approximately 54% were HSSR fans. HSSR fans were more likely to be White and school dropouts, to spend more time listening to
<+">music<-">, to think it is harmless for young children to listen to HSSR
<+">music<-">, and to assume that HSSR lyrics do not lead to destructive acts. Males and females, from intact and broken homes, were fans. (</i> 1992 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> preferences & views of themes advocating homicide & suicide & satanic practices; 13-18 yr old offenders
<:#288,9360>TI: Bob Geldof and Live Aid: The affective side of global social innovation.
<:#288,9360>AU: Westley,-Frances
<:#288,9360>IN: McGill U, Faculty of Management, Montreal, PQ, Canada
<:#288,9360>JN: Human-Relations; 1991 Oct Vol 44(10) 1011-1036
<:#288,9360>IS: 00187267
<:#288,9360>LA: English
<:#288,9360>PY: 1991
@AB@<:#3168,9360>AB: Examines the case of Bob Geldof and Live Aid from the point of view of the relationship between visionary leadership and global social innovation. Four aspects of visionary leadership are reviewed: the personal background of the visionary, the skills us
ed in enacting the vision, the structural context in which the visionary operates, and the historical moment in which the visionary acts. The paper further reviews
<+">music<-"> as a symbolic system with powerful abilities to mobilize affect. Geldof succeeded in initiating global action through the skillful juxtaposition of structures and processes from the
<+">music<-"> industry to the aid context and by the equally skillful linking of the affect generated by popular
<+">music<-"> with that generated by famine imagery to trigger philanthropic activity among consumers of popular
<+">music<-">. (</i> 1992 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: aspects of visionary leadership & role of <+">music<-"> generated affect in global social innovation & B. Geldof's organization of Live Aid Ethiopian famine relief effort
@AB@<:#3168,9360>AB: Explored the attitudes and characteristics of 52 male adolescents who liked heavy metal (HM)
<+">music<-">, compared with 123 who did not. Ss were 14-20 yrs old. Data were gathered via interviews and self-report questionnaires. HM listeners identified with the romantic image of the HM
<+">music<-"> performer, and 80% had played or tried to play the guitar or another
<+">rock<-">-<+">music<-"> instrument. Over one-third of the HM listeners saw themselves in a career related to
<+">music<-"> 10 yrs in the future and were attracted to the <+">music<-"> mainly for what they perceived as the skill and talent of the performers. HM listeners also favored the themes (e.g., social issues) expressed in the lyrics. For many Ss, HM
<+">music<-"> served a purgative function, dissipating accumulated anger and frustration. HM listeners were generally less religious than comparison Ss. (</i> 1992 APA)
<:#288,9360>KP: attitudes toward & effects of heavy metal <+">music<-">; male 14-20 yr olds
@AB@<:#2880,9360>AB: Explores the gay male voice in popular <+">music<-"> and its potential to create positive social change regarding societal values about homosexuality. The historical development of the gay voice in popular
<+">music<-"> is reviewed as an introduction to a critical analysis of the Communards' (1986)
<+">music<-"> video "Don't Leave Me This Way." Using a modified version of the social value model proposed by J. Rushing and T. Frentz (1980), the video is analyzed on 3 levels: narrative content, use of symbols in the narrative, and lyrical content. It is
suggested that this video effected a dialectical synthesis of mainstream and homosexual values because it achieved mainstream commercial success while realistically expressing a gay perspective. (</i> 1992 APA)
<:#864,9360>KP: social value model based analysis of Communards' "Don't Leave Me This Way" video & potential of gay male voice in popular
<+">music<-"> to create positive change in values about homosexuality
@AB@<:#2592,9360>AB: Focuses on the case of Vance v. Judas Priest, which involved the controversy surrounding media use of subliminal communication and the various ways in which the human psyche works on a subconscious level. The Vance ruling could have an impact on
pending and future cases where subliminal communication is used within a product or to advertise its use. It is argued that subliminal communication should be considered a technique intentionally employed by the media to deceive the audience, that such com
munication is potentially effective, and that it should be prohibited. The process by which subliminal communication supposedly affects behavior is outlined. (</i> 1991 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: case of Vance v Judas Priest; legal guidelines for <+">music<-"> & media use of subliminal communication & subconscious effects
<:#288,9360>JN: Communication-Research; 1991 Jun Vol 18(3) 373-411
<:#288,9360>IS: 00936502
<:#288,9360>LA: English
<:#288,9360>PY: 1991
@AB@<:#3168,9360>AB: Tested schematic processing of heavy metal lyrics by comparing 181 undergraduates in 3 studies using 2 cognitive load conditions. Ss were either provided with the written lyrics (low cognitive load) or not (high cognitive load) as they listened to heavy
metal songs with themes of sex, suicide, violence, and occult. Low cognitive load Ss showed better recall, song comprehension, and extraction of detailed content, but both groups extracted similar kinds of theme-relevant content. The pattern of effects arg
ued that although heavy metal lyrics are not processed deeply under novice listening conditions, information processing at the schematic level does occur. Having the lyrics available allowed deeper information processing at the time the lyrics were heard bu
t did not substantially alter the kinds of content extracted. (</i> 1991 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: low vs high cognitive load & heavy metal songs with sex & suicide & violence & occult themes; lyrics comprehension & recall & content extraction; college students
<:#288,9360>JN: Psychology-of-Women-Quarterly; 1991 Mar Vol 15(1) 49-63
<:#288,9360>IS: 03616843
<:#288,9360>LA: English
<:#288,9360>PY: 1991
@AB@<:#3456,9360>AB: Evaluated the effects of sexually violent <+">music<-"> on 75 male undergraduates' attitudes toward women, acceptance of violence against women, and self-reported sexual arousal. One month before experimental manipulation, Ss were administered 2 covaria
te measures (religious orientation and sex-role orientation); the Attitudes Toward Women Scale; the Sex-Role Stereotyping, Adversarial Sexual Beliefs, Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence, and Rape Myth Acceptance subscales from M. R. Burt's (1980) Sexual A
ttitudes Survey; and a sexual arousal index. Ss with an extrinsic religious orientation were more accepting of sexist and rape-supportive beliefs. Exposure to heavy-metal
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-">, irrespective of lyrical content, increased males' sex-role stereotyping and negative attitudes toward women. An unexpected finding was greater self-reported sexual arousal in response to classical
<+">music<-">. (</i> 1991 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: sexually violent <+">rock music<-"><+"><-">; attitudes & acceptance of violence toward women & self reported sexual arousal; male college students
@AB@<:#2016,9360>AB: Interview data from adolescent iv drug users (AIDUs) gathered during the National acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) Demonstration and Research Project in Houston suggest 2 ways in which
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> (RM) has value as a vehicle for AIDS intervention. First, as a topic of conversation, RM can serve to (re)establish rapport with male AIDUs during interviews. Second, as a primary source of everyday life meaning for AIDUs, RM can
serve as a medium for transmitting preventive care messages. (</i> 1991 APA)
<:#288,9360>KP: <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> as vehicle for AIDS intervention; adolescent male iv drug users
<:#288,9360>JN: Perceptual-and-Motor-Skills; 1990 Dec Vol 71(3, Pt 1) 960-962
<:#288,9360>IS: 00315125
<:#288,9360>LA: English
<:#288,9360>PY: 1990
@AB@<:#1440,9360>AB: 596 male and 136 female college students listened to 138 pleasant sounds or 150 unpleasant sounds. Men preferred distinctive sounds (e.g.,
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-">, racing car), while women preferred melodious sounds (e.g., harp, rain). Natural and musical sounds caused pleasant affects in most Ss; sounds of alarm, excretion, and scratching caused unpleasant affects in most Ss. (</i> 1991 AP
<:#576,9360>KP: preferences for pleasant vs unpleasant environmental sounds; male vs female college students; Japan; implications for noise pollution
<:#288,9360>JN: Basic-and-Applied-Social-Psychology; 1990 Dec Vol 11(4) 357-369
<:#288,9360>IS: 01973533
<:#288,9360>LA: English
<:#288,9360>PY: 1990
@AB@<:#3168,9360>AB: Examined whether exposure to antisocial (AS) videos would alter 56 undergraduates' judgments of people performing AS behavior in a positive direction. Ss were exposed to
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> videos (RMVs) that did or did not portray AS behaviors. Ss then watched a target person (TP) in another room either perform or not perform an AS act not portrayed in the RMVs. After neutral RMVs, the TP was liked less and created
a less favorable impression when the TP was observed making an obscene hand gesture toward the experimenter than when not. After AS RMVs, however, the gesture did not decrease TP's positivity. The TP was rated no more irrational after making the obscene ges
ture than when not. Even a short exposure to AS RMVs produced more favorable impressions of the TP engaging in AS behavior. (</i> 1991 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: exposure to antisocial <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> videos; judgment of people performing antisocial behavior; college students
@AB@<:#3456,9360>AB: Compared the Wharf Rats (WRs), an organization of recovering alcoholic Grateful Dead (a
<+">rock<-"> band) fans, with more traditional Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) groups. Participant observations and unstructured nonrandom interviews were conducted during 12 meetings of 15-40 people at concerts. Ss were young, White, and primarily male. Both WRs
and AA adopt a 12 step approach, maintain an open membership policy, have a dimension of spirituality, and are strongly centered at the grass-roots level. In contrast to AA, WRs do not seem to change their surroundings nor stop associating with drug-using
cohorts. However, WRs tended to remain together regardless of social setting; this suggests a high degree of solidarity in the recovering community. A higher number of WRs appeared to report relapses. The conflict between the aspirations of WRs and the norm
s concerning drug use in this community is discussed. (</i> 1991 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: intergroup communication & public information & spirituality; recovering alcoholic Grateful Dead fans in self help group vs more traditional Alcoholics Anonymous members
@AB@<:#2880,9360>AB: Investigated the differential effects of different types of <+">music<-"> on social behaviors in 60 mice. Ss listening to classical
<+">music<-"> exhibited an increase in social activity (SA), aggression (AG), attraction, huddling (HD), and sexual behaviors (SBs). Ss exposed to country/bluegrass
<+">music<-"> significantly increased SA and AG. Exposure to jazz and blues resulted in a significant decrease in AG and competition. A significant increase in HD was the only social behavior strongly influenced by easy-listening
<+">music<-">, and <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> resulted in increased AG and decreased HD and SBs. Controls listening to no
<+">music<-"> displayed a significant decrease in competition over the research period. (</i> 1991 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: classical vs country/bluegrass vs jazz & blues vs easy listening vs
@AB@<:#2304,9360>AB: Studied the effects of acoustic stimuli on fetal movements, cardiac activity, and habituation to stimuli. Human subjects: 22 female Italian adults (aged 24-33 yrs) (pregnancy) (26-32 wks gestation). Echographic monitoring was used to detect qualitative
aspects of spontaneous fetal movements and to determine cardiac activity before and after exposure to acoustic stimuli (hard-<+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> or Tchaikovsky) via each S's abdomen. Types of responses and differences in responses to the different ty
pes of <+">music<-"> were determined. Statistical tests were used. (English & French abstracts) (</i> 1991 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: acoustic stimuli; fetal movements & cardiac activity & habituation to stimuli; 24-33 yr old pregnant females at 26-32 wks gestation
@AB@<:#2880,9360>AB: Two experiments with a total of 753 undergraduates examined the effects of sex and violence on the appeal of and the emotional response to
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> videos. In Exp 1, positive emotions and the musical and visual appeal of the videos were positively related to the level of sexual content. In Exp 2, negative emotional responses and reduced appeal of
<+">music<-"> and visuals were related to the level of violence. Both experiments suggest that the combination of sex and violence also decreased appeal. More arousing
<+">music<-"> was related positively to appeal and positive emotions in sexy videos, but the influence of arousing
<+">music<-"> was independent of visual sex. In violent videos, <+">music<-"> arousal was associated with decreased appeal and negative emotions. (</i> 1990 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: sexual content & level of violence; <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> video appeal & emotional response; college students
<:#288,9360>JN: Journal-of-Psychology; 1989 Nov Vol 123(6) 561-570
<:#288,9360>IS: 00223980
<:#288,9360>LA: English
<:#288,9360>PY: 1989
@AB@<:#3456,9360>AB: Studied the differences between hostility scores on projective and objective tests as a function of listening to aggressive or nonaggressive
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> by 90 undergraduates. While taking the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and the Buss-Durkee Hostility-Guilt Inventory, Ss randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups listened to a
<+">rock<-"> song with (a) nonaggressive <+">music<-"> and nonaggressive lyrics, (b) aggressive
<+">music<-"> and nonaggressive lyrics, or (c) aggressive <+">music<-"> and aggressive lyrics. TAT stories were scored for aggressive content. Hostility scores did not differ between groups. Results support the hypothesis that many teenagers do not attend t
o <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> lyrics and that lyrics do not affect aggression. Previous findings (e.g., R. McFarland (see PA, Vol 72:3121)) that
<+">music<-"> affects the emotional quality of TAT stories and hostility scores on the Buss-Durkee scale were not supported. (</i> 1990 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: aggressive vs nonaggressive <+">rock music<-"><+"><-">; hostility scores on TAT & Buss-Durkee Hostility-Guilt Inventory; college students
<:#576,9360>TI: Priming sex-role stereotypic event schemas with <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> videos: Effects on impression favorability, trait inferences, and recall of a subsequent male-female interaction.
<:#288,9360>AU: Hansen,-Christine-H.
<:#288,9360>IN: Oakland U, Rochester, MI, US
<:#288,9360>JN: Basic-and-Applied-Social-Psychology; 1989 Dec Vol 10(4) 371-391
<:#288,9360>IS: 01973533
<:#288,9360>LA: English
<:#288,9360>PY: 1989
@AB@<:#3168,9360>AB: In 2 experiments with a total of 300 undergraduates, <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> videos depicting sex-role stereotypic (SRS) themes were used to prime SRS schemas (boy-meets-girl, boy-dumps-girl). Ss were exposed to 1 of the 2 types of videos or to neutr
al videos before watching a male-female interaction that was schematically consistent (SCC) or inconsistent (SCI). Recall for behaviors occurring during the interaction was tested in Exp 1, and Ss' impressions of the actors were assessed in Exp 2. Portrayal
of an SRS event had a significant effect on appraisal, impression, and memory of the interaction. SCC behavior produced more positive evaluations and positively enhanced trait evaluations compared with SCI behavior. More SCI than SCC or schema irrelevant b
ehaviors were recalled, and SCI interactions were recalled more accurately. (</i> 1990 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: priming sex role stereotypic schemas with <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> videos; appraisal & recall of male female interaction; college students
@AB@<:#2304,9360>AB: 275 Swedish-speaking students (aged 12-14 yrs) in Finland made either private or public preference ratings (PFRs) of items representing traditional (i.e., classical or folk) and
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-">. Ss tended toward lower PFRs for traditional types of
<+">music<-"> when announcing their ratings publicly than when making them privately. The reverse trend was not found for
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-">. Ss' PFR behavior may be influenced both by their beliefs about the typical preference level in the peer group and by the extent to which preference for a certain
<+">music<-"> is related to sociopsychological variables (e.g., social status, popularity). (</i> 1990 APA)
<:#288,9360>KP: private vs public preference ratings of <+">rock<-"> vs traditional
@AB@<:#3168,9360>AB: In 2 experiments, 240 college students were asked to provide situational frequency estimates of 40 10-sec excerpts from
<+">rock<-"> songs. In both experiments familiarity of the musical selections heard 1, 2, 3, or 4 times was varied. In Exp 2, instructions to remember frequency, as well as general memory instructions, resulted in better memory for presentation frequency th
an did instructions to ignore <+">music<-"> while working on math problems. Memory for situational frequency was also related to knowledge of
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> as defined by Ss' ability to identify the titles and artists of the presented songs. Although providing support for an automatic processing view of frequency encoding, results also implicate meaningful elaboration of stimuli as an
important determinant of memory for frequency of events. (</i> 1990 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: familiarity & knowledge & memory instructions; memory for frequency of hearing
<:#864,9360>TI: Die "euphorisierende" Wirkung von Musik-Videos: Eine Untersuchung zur Rezeption von "bebilderter" Musik. (The "euphoria-inducing" effect of
<+">music<-"> videos: A study on the reception of "illustrated" <+">music<-">.)
@AB@<:#2016,9360>AB: Studied the impact of visual information on the perception of
<+">music<-"> in <+">rock<-"> videos. Human subjects: 62 normal male and female West German adolescents and adults (mean age 23 yrs) (university students). The Ss were assigned to 1 of 3 experimental conditions (sound only, picture only, and sound plus pict
ure) and asked to complete a semantic differential and various scales assessing the emotional impact of a series of
<+">rock<-">-<+">music<-"> videos. Intergroup differences in the emotional impact of the videos were analyzed. (English abstract) (</i> 1990 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: <+">music<-"> video sound &/vs picture; emotional impact & euphoria; college students; West Germany
@AB@<:#2592,9360>AB: Explored the <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> preferences of 894 9th through 12th graders in rural, urban, suburban public, and metropolitan parochial schools. 17.5% were fans of
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> with lyrics that promote homicide, suicide, or satanic practices (HSSR). Parents' marital status and Ss' sex, race, and school environment were significant predictors of HSSR status. As compared with non-HSSR fans, the HSSR fans w
ere more likely to have parents who were never married or remarried and less likely to have married parents. HSSR fans were more likely than expected to be male and White and enrolled in urban but not parochial schools. (</i> 1989 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: sex & race & school environment & parental marital status; preferences for
<+">music<-"> with homicidal or suicidal or satanic lyrics; 9th-12th graders
<:#576,9360>TI: How <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> videos can change what is seen when boy meets girl: Priming stereotypic appraisal of social interactions.
@AB@<:#2304,9360>AB: Investigated the capacity of sex-role stereotypes found in popular
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> videos to alter impressions, using 221 undergraduates. Ss viewed a stereotypical (women portrayed as sex objects) or neutral video before watching a man and a woman interacting in a job interview. Stereotypical videos (SVs) increa
sed the accessibility of (i.e., primed) sex-role stereotypic schemata and changed impressions of the interview interactants. Ss who viewed the SV saw the female job applicant as nonthreatening, competent, and sensitive when she reciprocated a sexual advance
. These effects were absent in the non-SV Ss. (</i> 1989 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: sex role stereotypes in <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> videos; appraisal of male female interaction in job interview; college students
@AB@<:#2880,9360>AB: In a survey of <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> preferences and views on themes about homicide, satanism, and suicide (HSS), 694 middle and high school students (aged 12-19 yrs) were administered a questionnaire of structured and open-ended questions. Nine pe
rcent of the middle school Ss, 17% of the rural, and 24% of the urban high school Ss were HSS
<+">rock<-"> fans. Three-fourths of these fans were males and nearly all were White. HSS fans more often claimed to know all the lyrics of their favorite songs than the non-HSS
<+">rock<-"> fans. HSS fans more often said young children should be permitted to listen to
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> with destructive themes and fewer of them believed that adolescents might commit murder or suicide after having listened to such songs. (</i> 1989 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: preferences in <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> & attitudes toward lyrics that promote murder & suicide & satanism; 12-19 yr olds
@AB@<:#3168,9360>AB: Asked 35 7th and 8th graders to identify and describe informal groups in their urban middle school, to rank order the groups on a like/dislike continuum, and to give opinions as to how parents and teachers might rate the groups. Findings reveal 12 group
s that were portrayed in colorful language influenced by <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> and videos. Clothing and appearance, relationships with parents, emotions, school grades, and fighting/being picked on were categories most referred to in the descriptions.
Ss liked best those groups who had solid relationships with peers and parents, while disliking those who exhibited bizarre or anti-social behavior. Perceived adult ratings generally corresponded to those of the Ss except that 2 groups viewed as overly confo
rming to adult expectations were rated higher. (</i> 1989 APA)
<:#288,9360>KP: perceptions of informal groups; 7th-8th graders
<:#288,9360>TI: Influence of <+">music<-"> on college students' achievement.
<:#288,9360>AU: Schreiber,-Elliott-H.
<:#288,9360>IN: Glassboro State Coll, NJ, US
<:#288,9360>JN: Perceptual-and-Motor-Skills; 1988 Feb Vol 66(1) 338
<:#288,9360>IS: 00315125
<:#288,9360>LA: English
<:#288,9360>PY: 1988
@AB@<:#864,9360>AB: 30 undergraduates exposed to background <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> during the 1st 20 min of each psychology class achieved higher mean scores on examinations than 34 nonexposed controls. (</i> 1989 APA)
<:#288,9360>KP: background <+">rock music<-"><+"><-">; academic achievement; college students
@AB@<:#2304,9360>AB: Compared the musical preferences of upper-level primary school pupils with their estimates of their peers' preferences. Results indicate fairly consistent trends of overestimating the peers' preference for
<+">rock<-">-oriented <+">music<-"> characterized as tough, wild, protesting, and loud, and of underestimating their preference for classical
<+">music<-"> and <+">music<-"> of a more "quiet" kind. The tendency to overestimate others' preference for the former kinds of
<+">music<-"> was more pronounced when judging the taste of a larger and more anonymous peer group than when judging the taste of one's own classmates. (</i> 1989 APA)
<:#288,9360>KP: perception of own & peer musical preferences; 15-16 yr olds; Finland
@AB@<:#2592,9360>AB: Conducted 3 preliminary studies of the cognitive effects of <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> lyrics and
<+">music<-"> videos, using a total of 104 students from Grades 4-12 and from college. Ss completed questionnaires after listening to songs or viewing videos. Exp I found that comprehension of
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> lyrics developed with age and that lyrics were often misunderstood, particularly by young children who lacked relevant world knowledge and were at a concrete stage of cognitive development. Exp II found that
<+">music<-"> videos provided less stimulation to imagination and were enjoyed less than the songs alone. Exp III, using different methods, confirmed the negative effect of
<+">music<-"> videos on the imagination. (</i> 1989 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> lyrics & videos; lyric comprehension & imagination; 4th-12th graders & college students
<:#576,9360>TI: Musik und Gruppenstrukturen von Rockmusikgruppen. (<+">Music<-"> and group structure of
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> groups.)
<:#288,9360>AU: Niketta,-Reiner
<:#288,9360>JN: Gruppendynamik; 1986 Mar Vol 17(1) 95-105
<:#288,9360>IS: 00466514
<:#288,9360>LA: German
<:#288,9360>PY: 1986
@AB@<:#2304,9360>AB: Studied the relationship between group structure and musical variables among 12
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> groups. Human subjects: 59 male and female adolescents and adults (15-33 yrs) (musicians belonging to 1 of 12
<+">rock<-"> groups). The Ss completed a questionnaire assessing musical variables (style, complexity, the group's musical composition activity, rehearsal methods, etc.) and group structure variables (cohesiveness, conformity, dependency, group performance,
intensity of group work, resource distribution, etc.). Relationships among these variables were analyzed. (English abstract) (</i> 1989 APA)
<:#288,9360>KP: group structure & musical variables; 15-33 yr old musicians belonging to
<:#288,9360>TI: Metaphoric lyrics as a bridge to the adolescent's world.
<:#288,9360>AU: Mark,-Arlene
<:#288,9360>IN: Lincoln Hall Residential Treatment Ctr, Lincolndale, NY, US
<:#288,9360>JN: Adolescence; 1988 Sum Vol 23(90) 313-323
<:#288,9360>IS: 00018449
<:#288,9360>LA: English
<:#288,9360>PY: 1988
@AB@<:#2304,9360>AB: Discusses the use of <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> lyrics to help hard-to-reach adolescents communicate feelings about their roles in society and their own development. Through guided discussion about familiar lyrics and the issues they evoke, adolescents
can begin to offer their opinions, listen to others' ideas, and learn to disagree without being aggressive. They begin to discuss ways to gain control over their lives and learn the advantages of becoming disciplined participants in society. They begin to c
onsider and learn alternatives for coping with daily pressures rather than falling victim to a
<+">rock<-"> idol's solution. (</i> 1988 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: guided discussion about metaphoric <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> lyrics & related issues; control over life & disciplined participation in society without aggression; hard-to-reach adolescents
@AB@<:#1440,9360>AB: Presents a review of US court decisions on cases in which a child or young adult was the victim of violence said to have been induced by the media, including textbooks, films, TV, and
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-">, and suggests that the courts have hesitated to hold media organizations accountable for inciting violent acts. (</i> 1988 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: legal arguments in US Supreme Court cases around liability of media; audience members committing imitative violent acts
<:#1152,9360>TI: The degree of attractiveness to 15-year-old high school students in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) of different styles, genres, and trends of contemporary
<+">music<-">: Results of a factor analysis. Eleventh International Seminar on Research in
<+">Music<-"> Education (1986, Frankfurt, West Germany).
<:#288,9360>AU: Herberger,-Rainer
<:#288,9360>IN: Karl-Marx-U, Leipzig, German Democratic Rep
<:#288,9360>JN: Bulletin-of-the-Council-for-Research-in-<+">Music<-">-Education; 1987 Spr No 91 70-76
<:#288,9360>IS: 00109894
<:#288,9360>LA: English
<:#288,9360>PY: 1987
@AB@<:#2016,9360>AB: 73 male and 69 female 9th graders were presented with excerpts from 18 contemporary pieces representing a variety of modern musical genres. Analysis yielded 3 factors that explained Ss' preferences. The most significant factor involved excerpts perceive
d as complex, pretentious, and/or exotic. Males displayed a stronger affinity to
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> and to rhythmically exciting symphonic sounds, while females had a greater interest in pop and traditionally oriented symphonies. (</i> 1988 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: contemporary <+">music<-"> characteristics; preferences; male vs female 15 yr olds; East Germany; conference presentation
@AB@<:#2016,9360>AB: Pre- and postexposure binaural pure-tone air-conduction thresholds were obtained for 2,000, 4,000, and 6,000 Hz from 20 12-17 yr old students and 7 adults at a live
<+">rock<-">-<+">music<-"> concert. 19 students and 6 adults experienced at least a 5 db threshold shift at 1 or more frequencies, with significant average threshold shifts at all frequencies. 15 students and all the adults who experienced shifts also repor
ted tinnitus. Of the 6 Ss selected to be retested 3 days postexposure, 4 demonstrated only partial recovery to preexposure thresholds. (</i> 1988 APA)
<:#288,9360>KP: frequency of <+">rock music<-"><+"><-">; temporary hearing loss & threshold shift; 12-17 yr olds & adults
<:#288,9360>TI: Image effects in the appreciation of video <+">rock<-">.
<:#288,9360>AU: Zillmann,-Dolf; Mundorf,-Norbert
<:#288,9360>IN: Indiana U, Inst for Communication Research, US
<:#288,9360>JN: Communication-Research; 1987 Jun Vol 14(3) 316-334
<:#288,9360>IS: 00936502
<:#288,9360>LA: English
<:#288,9360>PY: 1987
@AB@<:#2880,9360>AB: Investigated the effects of sexual and/or violent images on 50 male and 50 female undergraduates' appreciation of a
<+">rock<-">-<+">music<-"> video whose original visuals were both nonsexual and nonviolent. Findings indicate that the involvement of sexual stimuli intensified Ss' appreciation of the
<+">music<-"> and that violent stimuli tended to have a similar effect. However, the combination of sexual and violent images failed to enhance appreciation. The visualization of rebellious lyrical elements, particularly violent elements, fostered perceptio
ns of greater musical rebelliousness. The involvement of sexual images made the
<+">music<-"> appear more sensual and romantic for males, while females found
<+">music<-"> devoid of visual embellishments most romantic. (</i> 1988 APA)
<:#288,9360>KP: sexual &/vs violent visual images; appreciation of <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> video; college students
<:#288,9360>TI: Wine, women, suspiciousness and advertising.
<:#288,9360>AU: Kohn,-Paul-M.; Smart,-Reginald-G.
<:#288,9360>IN: York U, Toronto, ON, Canada
<:#288,9360>JN: Journal-of-Studies-on-Alcohol; 1987 Mar Vol 48(2) 161-166
<:#288,9360>IS: 0096882X
<:#288,9360>LA: English
<:#288,9360>PY: 1987
@AB@<:#3456,9360>AB: Presented videotapes of a soap opera episode and a <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> program including 0, 3, or 9 wine commercials, to 66 female students enrolled at York University, Toronto, Canada, to determine the influence of commercials on Ss' drinking be
havior and Ss' ability to determine the true purpose of the study, which was concealed from them. Ss were told that the study was designed to evaluate the appeal of the soap opera and the
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> for their population group. Refreshments, including white wine, were served. Observation of drinking behavior and answers to an open-ended questionnaire indicated that drinking behavior was influenced by the commercials and that a
lthough 12 Ss were suspicious about the purpose of the study, none exhibited awareness of the specific reasons for the study. Findings are discussed in relation to "soft-sell" vs "hard-sell" commercial appeals. (</i> 1988 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: wine commercials; drinking behavior & ability to determine concealed purpose of study; female college students
@AB@<:#2592,9360>AB: Discusses the prospect of death of life on earth (omnicide) and suggests that preoccupation with the death of the earth increasingly affects many persons. Research showing the effects of this fear on teenagers (i.e., its expression through books and
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-">) and on older adults is reported. Tentative recommendations are presented for professionals practicing death education to assist them with helping others to overcome the fear of omnicide. J. Macy's work Despair and Personal Powe
r (1983) in the Nuclear Age is recommended; Macy's contention is that life-negating fear can be transformed into positive, creative, life-sustaining forces. (</i> 1988 APA)
<:#288,9360>KP: fear of omnicide & nuclear war; adolescents & older adults
@AB@<:#2592,9360>AB: Tested the hypothesis that when <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> with an intense beat is introduced as an environmental stimulus, the child with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) will demonstrate a reduction in activity level and a lengthened attention span. A
repeated measures factorial design was used to test 8 hyperkinetic boys' (aged 6-8 yrs) responses to
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-">. Activity level and attention span were observed. Results show a significant reduction in the number of motor activities during
<+">music<-"> periods within the test sessions. It is suggested that playing
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> on a tape recorder with earphones might be useful with ADD children. (</i> 1988 APA)
<:#288,9360>KP: <+">rock music<-"><+"><-">; activity level & attention span; 6-8 yr old males with attention deficit disorder
<:#288,9360>JN: Journal-of-Youth-and-Adolescence; 1986 Dec Vol 15(6) 453-459
<:#288,9360>IS: 00472891
<:#288,9360>LA: English
<:#288,9360>PY: 1986
@AB@<:#3168,9360>AB: Examined the extent of inferencing in 80 adolescents' (mean age 14 yrs 2 mo) and 80 young adults' (mean age 21 yrs 9 mo) interpretations of 3-min video segments taken from prime-time drama series and from
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> videos. Less structured <+">music<-"> video segments resulted in higher level inferencing than prime-time dramas. Young adults produced more higher-level inferences than adolescents, and prime-time drama led to more fact-based res
ponses than <+">music<-"> video. Correlations between TV inferencing and scores on a lack of closure test were examined to see if inferencing from video and from written text were related. These correlations were generally nonsignificant, confirming previou
s hypotheses that video inferencing involves unique knowledge structures. (</i> 1988 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: TV prime time drama vs <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> video; inferencing in interpretation; adolescents vs young adults
<:#288,9360>TI: Nihilistic adolescents, heavy metal <+">rock music<-"><+"><-">, and paranormal beliefs.
<:#288,9360>AU: Trostle,-Lawrence-C.
<:#288,9360>IN: Claremont Graduate School, CA, US
<:#288,9360>JN: Psychological-Reports; 1986 Oct Vol 59(2, Pt 1) 610
<:#288,9360>IS: 00332941
<:#288,9360>LA: English
<:#288,9360>PY: 1986
@AB@<:#1440,9360>AB: Data from a witchcraft scale completed by 66 adolescents (half of whom were self-identified "stoners" (actively engaged in demonic worship and satanic rituals) indicate that self-identification as a stoner was directly correlated with preference for hea
vy metal <+">rock music<-"><+"><-">. Significant differences in paranormal beliefs between the 2 were found. (</i> 1988 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: preference for heavy metal <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> & belief in witchcraft & black magic & voodoo; 12-20 yr olds actively engaged in demonic worship & satanic rituals
@AB@<:#2880,9360>AB: Administered a musical preference scale, devised from factor analysis of preference ratings for established categories of
<+">music<-"> based on divisions in the recording industry in the US, to 82 university students. The scales of the Sensation Seeking Scale--Form V were correlated with rated likings of each of the categories derived from the factor analysis. Total Sensation
Seeking correlated positively with liking for all types of <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> and negatively with liking for bland soundtrack
<+">music<-">. Results are consistent with the theory that high sensation seekers have a high optimal level of stimulation and thus tolerate and like high intensity and/or complexity in
<+">music<-">, and stimulation in general. (</i> 1987 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: sensation seeking; preference for type of <+">music<-"> & for stimulation & intensity &/or complexity in
@AB@<:#2304,9360>AB: Discusses a technique that uses <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> lyrics to enable adolescents to gain an understanding of dependency on mood-altering substances. Drug-related songs were chosen and recorded, and the lyrics were transcribed. A chart illustratin
g the progression of addiction was used to demonstrate how themes in drug-related songs parallel the stages of addiction. Adolescents heard, read, and discussed the lyrics in relationship to the stages, and in the process, increased their understanding of d
rug issues such as the search for relief, increased dependence, loss of control, and physical deterioration. (</i> 1987 APA)
<:#288,9360>KP: drug related <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> lyrics as vehicle for understanding drug dependency; adolescents
<:#288,9360>IN: U British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
<:#288,9360>JN: Archives-of-Sexual-Behavior; 1986 Jun Vol 15(3) 231-237
<:#288,9360>IS: 00040002
<:#288,9360>LA: English
<:#288,9360>PY: 1986
@AB@<:#2880,9360>AB: 36 male undergraduates were exposed to a videotaped depiction of heterosexual rape accompanied by 1 of 3 soundtracks--the original soundtrack (featuring dialog and background
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-">), relaxing <+">music<-">, or no sound. Subjective reports of sexual arousal, general enjoyment, perceived erotic content, and perceived pornographic content of the sequence were then provided by each S. Results indicate that Ss ex
posed to the videotape accompanied by the original soundtrack found the sequence significantly more pornographic than males exposed to the sequence accompanied by either relaxing background
<+">music<-"> or no sound. Ratings of arousal, enjoyment, and erotic content, however, did not differ significantly across soundtrack conditions. (</i> 1987 APA)
<:#864,9360>KP: original dialog & <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> vs relaxing <+">music<-"> soundtracks vs no sound; perceived pornographic & erotic content & arousal & enjoyment during videotape presentation of heterosexual rape; male college students
<:#288,9360>TI: Therapie durch Rockmusik? (Therapy via <+">rock music<-"><+"><-">?)
<:#288,9360>AU: Hassner,-Manfred
<:#288,9360>JN: Musiktherapeutische-Umschau; 1983 Oct Vol 4(3) 217-222
<:#288,9360>IS: 01725505
<:#288,9360>LA: German
<:#288,9360>PY: 1983
@AB@<:#1440,9360>AB: Discusses the applicability of <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> to <+">music<-"> therapy, and illustrates the therapeutic effect of
<+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> via a case study of a 14-yr-old boy with a long history of behavior problems and depression. The therapeutic effects of participation in a
<+">rock<-"> band consisting of students from a school for children with conduct disorders are described. (English abstract) (9 ref) (</i> 1987 APA)
<:#576,9360>KP: participation in <+">rock<-"> band as <+">music<-"> therapy; 14 yr old male with behavior problems & depression; case report
@AB@AB: Discusses dance as a form of social communication, and traces the psychological functions of dance throughout history. Dance has always encompassed both a frenzied dance of solidarity (Dionysian) and the more equilibrated dance of Apollo. Currently, the
se dance functions are exemplified by the ballet and <+">rock music<-"><+"><-"> dancing. The dancing manias of the middle ages are described briefly. (English abstract) (5 ref) (</i> 1987 APA)
<:#288,9360>KP: historical view of dance as social communication & psychological function
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